Radiation

In physics, radiation describes any process in which energy moves through the media or through space, and eventually absorbed by other objects. Lay people often connect words ionizing radiation (eg, as occurs in nuclear weapons, nuclear reactors, and radioactive substances), but also can refer to electromagnetic radiation (ie, radio waves, infrared light, visible light, ultraviolet, and X- ray), acoustic radiation, or for other processes clearer. What makes is that the energy emitting radiation (ie, moving outward in a straight line in any direction) from a source. This geometry naturally leads to a system of physical units of measurement and the same applies to all types of radiation. Some of the radiation can be dangerous.
Ionizing Radiation
Some types of radiation has enough energy to ionize the particles. In general, this involves an electron is 'thrown' from the atomic shell electrons, which will give charge (positive). It is often interfere in biological systems, and can cause mutations and cancer.
Types of radiation generally occur in radioactive decay of radioactive waste and garbage.
Three main types of radiation was discovered by Ernest Rutherford, alpha, beta, and gamma rays. radiation was discovered through a simple experiment, Rutherford used radioactive sources and found that the rays produced hit three different areas. One of them became positive, one of them being neutral, and one of them negative. With this data, Rutherford concluded that radiation consists of three rays. He gave a name derived from the first three letters of the Greek alphabet are alpha, beta and gamma. alpha decay

    * Radiation alpha (α)
Alpha decay is a type of radioactive decay in which atomic nuclei emit alpha particles, and thus change (or 'decays') into an atom with mass number 4 less and atomic number 2 less.
However, due to high particle mass and thus have less energy and low distance, alpha particles can be stopped by a sheet of paper (or leather).

    * Beta Radiation (β)
beta decay
beta decay is a type of radioactive decay in which the beta particles (electrons or positrons) emitted.
Beta-minus radiation (β ⁻) consists of a full electron energy. ionized radiation is less than alpha, but more than gamma rays. Electrons can often be stopped by a few inches of metal. This radiation occurs when neutrons decay into protons in the nucleus, releasing the beta particle and an antineutrino.
Radiation plus beta (β +) is a positron emission. So, unlike ⁻ β, β + decay can not occur in isolation, because it requires energy, the neutron mass is greater than the proton mass. β + decay can only occur in the nucleus when the value of the binding energy of the parent nucleus is smaller than the nucleus. The difference between this energy into the conversion reaction of protons into neutrons, positrons and antineutrino, and the kinetic energy of the particles

    * Gamma radiation (γ) gamma decay
Gamma radiation or gamma rays are an energetic form of electromagnetic radiation produced by radioactivity or nuclear or subatomic processes such as electron-positron destruction. Gamma radiation consists of photons with a frequency greater than 1019 Hz. Gamma radiation or neutrons instead of electrons and so can not be stopped only with paper or air, more effective absorption of gamma rays in the material with atomic number and high density. When gamma rays move through a material so the absorption of gamma radiation proportional to the thickness of the surface material. Non-Ionizing Radiation
Non-ionizing radiation, in contrast, refers to the type of radiation that does not carry enough energy per photon to ionize the atoms or molecules. It mainly refers to the lower energy form of electromagnetic radiation (ie, radio waves, microwaves, terahertz radiation, infrared light and visible light). The impact of radiation on living tissue forms only recently been studied. Instead of forming ion-energy as it passes through the material, the electromagnetic radiation has enough energy just to change the rotation, vibration or valence electronic configuration of molecules and atoms. However, different biological effects observed for various types of non-ionizing radiation

    * Neutron Radiation
Neutron radiation is a type of non-ionic radiation consists of free neutrons. These neutrons may be emitted during either spontaneous or induced nuclear fission, nuclear fusion process, or from other nuclear reactions. He does not ionize atoms in the same way that the charged particles like protons and electrons are not (pulling electrons), because neutrons have no charge. However, neutrons easily react with atomic nuclei of various elements, creating an unstable isotope and therefore encourage radioactivity in materials that were previously non-radioactive. This process is known as neutron activation.

    * Electromagnetic radiation
Electromagnetic radiation takes the form of waves that spread in thin air or in the material. EM radiation has an electric field and magnetic components that oscillate in phase with each other and perpendicular to the direction of energy propagation. Electromagnetic radiation is classified into types according to the wave frequency, types include (in order of increasing frequency): radio waves, microwaves, terahertz radiation, infrared radiation, visible light, ultraviolet radiation, X-rays and gamma rays. Of these, radio waves have the longest wavelength and Gamma rays have the shortest. A small window of frequencies, called visible spectrum or light, as seen with the eyes of various organisms, with a variation limit of this narrow spectrum. EM radiation carries energy and momentum, which can be delivered when it interacts with matter.

    * Light
Light is electromagnetic radiation of wavelengths visible to the human eye (about 400-700 nm), or up to 380-750 nm. More broadly, physicists thought of light as electromagnetic radiation of all wavelengths, both visible and not.

    * Thermal Radiation
Thermal radiation is the process whereby the surface of objects emit heat energy in the form of electromagnetic waves. infrared radiation from the common household radiator or electric heater is an example of thermal radiation, such as heat and light released by a glowing incandescent light bulb. Thermal radiation is produced when heat from the movement of charged particles within atoms is converted into electromagnetic radiation. Frequency waves emitted from thermal radiation is a probability distribution depending only on the temperature, and for the original black-body radiation given by Planck's law. Wien law gives the most likely frequency of radiation emitted, and the Stefan-Boltzmann law gives the heat intensity. [Edit] Usage

    * In medicine
Radiation and radioactive substances used for diagnosis, treatment, and research. X-rays, for example, through muscle and other soft tissues but are stopped by dense materials. Properties of X-rays allows the doctor to find broken bones and to find the cancer that may grow in the body. Doctors also found a particular disease by injecting radioactive substances and radiation monitoring which is released as the substance moves through the body.

    * In Communications
All modern communication systems use a form of electromagnetic radiation. The variation of intensity of radiation in the form of changes in sound, image, or other information that is being sent. For example, the human voice can be transmitted as radio waves or microwaves to create a sound wave varies according to variety.

    * In science and technology
The researchers used a radioactive atom to determine the age of the first part of a living organism. Age of such materials can be estimated by measuring the amount of radioactive carbon contained in a process called radiocarbon dating. The scientists use an atom as an atom of radioactive tracers to identify the path through which the pollutants in the environment.
Radiation is used to determine the composition of the material in a process called neutron activation analysis. In this process, the scientists bombarded the sample substance with particles called neutrons. Some of the atoms in the sample absorb the neutrons and become radioactive. Scientists can identify elements in the sample by studying the radiation given off.